The Ghost Dance

 

In the late 1880s, the Ghost Dance emerged among Native American tribes, particularly the Lakota Sioux, as a spiritual movement promising renewal and resistance. Inspired by Paiute prophet Wovoka, it envisioned a world free of white settlers, where ancestors would return, and buffalo would thrive. Dancers performed circular rituals, chanting and praying for salvation. The U.S. government, fearing rebellion, suppressed the movement, culminating in the tragic Wounded Knee Massacre of 1890, where hundreds of Lakota were killed. After the Wounded Knee Massacre practice of the Ghost Dance went underground.

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The Wounded Knee Medals

 

In July 1862, Congress authorized a Medal of Honor to be awarded to soldiers who “distinguish themselves by their gallantry in action.”  The first medals were presented in 1863, and it remains the highest decoration for valor the United States can bestow on an individual in the armed services.  There were 421 Medals of Honor awarded during the Indian Wars from 1865 to 1891.

A controversy surrounds the Medals of Honor awarded to participants in the 1890 Battle of Wounded Knee in South Dakota. Twenty such medals were awarded. In 2013 Calvin Spotted Elk, a direct descendant of Chief Spotted Elk killed at Wounded Knee, launched a petition to rescind medals of the soldiers who participated in the battle arguing that this was not a battle but a massacre.  He cited the high number of killed and wounded Lakota women and children and the one sided casualty count.  The Lakota suffered 300 killed of which 200 were women and children.  The Seventh Cavalry suffered 25 killed, many from friendly fire.

A Department of Defense review recommended in 2024 that no medals be revoked.

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